PHOENIX — A defendant who got bad legal advice in a criminal case that resulted in his deportation is entitled to a do-over in that case, the Arizona Supreme Court ruled.
In a unanimous ruling Tuesday, the justices said Hector Sebastion Nuñez-Diaz never would have entered into a plea deal on a drug charge in Phoenix had he been informed it would result in his automatic removal from this country.
Justice Scott Bales said Nuñez-Diaz made it clear from the beginning in hiring his first attorney that his main concern, being in this country illegally, was to avoid deportation. And Bales said the attorney failed to make it clear that the guilty plea, even with the sentence of probation, automatically resulted in his transfer to Immigration and Customs Enforcement.
But it remains unclear whether Nuñez-Diaz, currently in Mexico, will get back into this country given that, at the time of his arrest, he already was a “deportable immigrant.”
Ray Ybarra Maldonado, his current attorney, said he hopes to now get a new trial for Nuñez-Diaz, one where ICE would allow him back into the country so he could plead innocent to the charges. That, said the attorney, could give him a chance to escape automatic deportation.
But Ybarra Maldonado acknowledged it is possible that, even if his client is acquitted he still could end up deported. Still, the attorney said, it is a far cry from the automatic expulsion.
According to court records, Nuñez-Diaz initially was charged with a pair of drug-related felonies.
His family contacted a lawyer from what the court said was an attorney from a Phoenix law firm experienced in criminal defense and immigration law. They retained the law firm after being told that while Nuñez-Diaz had a difficult case, it was possible to avoid deportation.
The attorney assigned by the firm advised Nuñez-Diaz to take a plea deal to a single felony which resulted in probation. Only then was he informed by ICE that, because of the deal, he could not be released on bond and would be deported.
Only then did an immigration attorney at the same law firm tell the family that, because of the plea, nothing could be done.
The family found another attorney who was able to negotiate for his voluntary removal to Mexico where he has remained.
Bales said the Sixth Amendment guarantees a defendant the right to counsel.
“The right to counsel includes the right of effective assistance of counsel,” the judge wrote.
He said that, generally speaking, an attorney advising a client to take a plea need do no more than advise someone who is not a citizen that the pending criminal charges “may carry a risk of adverse immigration consequences.” But Bales said when those consequences are clear “the duty to give correct advise is equally clear and counsel must inform their client of those consequences.”
That, said Bales, is the case here.
He said the crime to which Nuñez-Diaz agreed to plead guilty falls into a category that not only would result in deportation but permanently prevent him from ever returning to this country.
And Bales said the trial judge who heard his claim agreed that, had he been accurately advised, he would not have accepted the plea.
What happens now is yet to be determined.
“Our plan is once the first hearing is set in Superior Court that we ask ICE to parole him in,” said Ybarra Maldonado. But he said that’s at the federal agency’s discretion.
“They don’t have to if they don’t want to,” he said.
He acknowledged his client’s unauthorized status in the United States. But Ybarra Maldonado said that doesn’t mean Nuñez-Diaz will be deported again if he beats the drug charges.
“I definitely think he’s in a much better situation if he’s in ICE custody without any criminal conviction versus with criminal conviction,” the attorney said.
“Someone without a criminal conviction can ask for a bond hearing from the judge and get on the outside and fight the immigration case for even three, four, five years,” Ybarra Maldonado said. “And who knows what could happen in that amount of time?”
For example, he said, there could be immigration reform allowing people who came to this country illegally as children to remain permanently. And he said while Nuñez-Diaz is not in the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program he might still be able to qualify.
While Tuesday’s ruling that Nuñez-Diaz did not get effective assistance of counsel was unanimous, not all of the justices were convinced that is the correct result.
Justice John Lopez, in a separate opinion, said he did not believe that Nuñez-Diaz could prove he was prejudiced by the bad legal advice because he already was subject to deportation.
“Here, it would not have been rational for Nuñez-Diaz to go to trial to avoid deportation when he was deportable no matter the outcome of the case,” Lopez wrote.
And Justice Clint Bolick questioned whether there are now two different standards for people to claim they had ineffective assistance of counsel, one for people who are here legally and another for those who are not.
Bolick acknowledged the ruling in this case comports with a previous U.S. Supreme Court decision about the remedies for what happens when a lawyer’s advice falls below what would be reasonable.
But he urged the nation’s high court to reconsider that decision, saying it “places unnecessary burdens on Arizona courts.”
