PHOENIX — A lightning strike that set the Pinaleño Mountains in Eastern Arizona ablaze months ago decimated the population of the endangered Mount Graham red squirrel, leaving less than three dozen survivors and lending urgency to conservation efforts to save the species from extinction.
The Phoenix Zoo is developing a federally sanctioned breeding program with its two female and three male Mount Graham red squirrels — a subspecies that already had a tenuous hold on existence prior to the Frye Fire in July.
“For the last 15 or 20 years they have bounced around between 200 and 300 individuals on a single, isolated mountain,” said John Koprowski, a University of Arizona professor and director of the university’s conservation research lab. He has studied squirrels for 35 years.
But breeding red squirrels is not simple. The path has been marked by territorial aggression among male and female squirrels, bad timing and unanticipated complications like a broken air conditioner.
“The Mount Graham red squirrel is challenging because of the way we want to breed these animals to be reintroduced back in the wild,” said Stuart Wells, director of conservation and science at the Phoenix Zoo, who was a doctoral student of Koprowski’s at the UA. “We want to maintain the attributes they already have that are necessary for them to survive.”
One challenge is the squirrels are territorial. Female squirrels are sensitive to their space when they aren’t receptive for breeding.
Then, there’s the issue of timing.
“If it’s the wrong time, in this setting, it is a possibility that they could injure each other or be killed,” Wells said. “But in the wild, if a male starts chasing after a female to see if she is receptive for breeding she can keep going — up a tree or out of sight. She’s not going to get cornered.”
To determine the appropriate time for breeding, the conservation center analyzes fecal samples, looking for hormone metabolites that indicate concentrations of estradiol, which can help determine when the females are receptive.
“It turns out they cycle about every 25 days,” Wells said.
Conservationists then examined aggressive behavior and determined when the squirrel’s estradiol levels were high, aggression was low.
Only two breeding seasons have passed, with the zoo breeding plan facing complications.
“The first season we had, which started in 2016 in May, our air conditioning went out,” Wells said. This year, the construction of a new room for the Mount Graham red squirrels disrupted the small mammals, which are behaviorally and physiologically sensitive to noises.
In 2016, one of the female Mount Graham red squirrels was impregnated, but she never gave birth.
The goal of the breeding program is to bolster the zoo’s population to five males and five females and return a population back to Mount Graham by 2018.
CONSERVATION EFFORTS
The zoo’s breeding program is in conjunction with other conservation efforts to save squirrels who survived the wildfire on Mount Graham.
With the Frye Fire clearing much of the forest’s canopy, the Mount Graham red squirrel is much more susceptible to falling victim to a predator using the newfound visibility.
Koprowski said land- management agencies have instituted an emergency supplemental feeding program on Mount Graham, which placed small feeders at locations with known surviving squirrels.
This will supplement stored food lost in the fire. Koprowski said some of the squirrels have radio collars that gives detailed information on survivorship, such as if they are attacked by predators.
Despite their efforts, extinction is a possibility, Koprowski acknowledges. However, he said the subspecies has been around for 10,000 years and survived similar conditions.
“Historically, there have been several mountain fires, so this species is a survivor,” he said. “We need to continue to try and assist them because this is a dire situation. I do think we have an incredibly resilient species here. There is still some habitat on Mount Graham and we can help augment the population.
“I would not bet against the Mount Graham red squirrel.”
