Throughout his campaign, President-elect Donald Trump heaped scorn on the federal Department of Education, describing it as infiltrated by "radicals, zealots and Marxists."

He picked Linda McMahon, a former wrestling executive, to lead the department. Like many conservative politicians before him, Trump called for dismantling the department — a cumbersome task that likely would require action from Congress.

The agency's main role is financial. Annually, it distributes billions in federal money to colleges and schools and manages the federal student loan portfolio. Closing it would mean redistributing those duties.

McMahon

The department also plays an important regulatory role in services for students, ranging from those with disabilities to low-income and homeless kids.

Federal education money is central to Trump's plans for colleges and schools. He vowed to cut off federal money for schools and colleges that push "critical race theory, transgender insanity, and other inappropriate racial, sexual or political content" and to reward states and schools that end teacher tenure and enact universal school choice programs.

Federal funding makes up about 14% of public school budgets. Colleges and universities are more reliant on it.

Students cross the campus of Dartmouth College on March 5 in Hanover, N.H. The Education Department manages about 1.5 trillion in student loan debt. 

Here is a look at some department functions, and how Trump said he might approach them.

Student loans, financial aid

The Education Department manages about $1.5 trillion in student loan debt for more than 40 million borrowers.

It oversees the Pell Grant, which provides aid to students below a certain income threshold, and administers the Free Application for Federal Student Aid, which universities use to allocate financial aid.

The Biden administration made cancellation of student loan debt a signature effort of the department's work. Since the Supreme Court overturned his initial attempt to cancel student debt, the administration forgave over $175 billion for more than 4.8 million borrowers through changes to programs it administers, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness.

Those efforts faced Republican pushback, including litigation from several GOP-led states.

Trump has not detailed plans for student debt, but criticized Biden's efforts to cancel debt as illegal and unfair.

Civil rights enforcement

Through its Office for Civil Rights, the department conducts investigations and issues guidance on how civil rights laws should be applied, such as for LGBTQ+ students and students of color. The office also oversees a large data collection project that tracks disparities in resources, course access and discipline for students of different racial and socioeconomic groups.

Trump suggested a different interpretation of the office's civil rights role. He said he would pursue civil rights cases to "stop schools from discriminating on the basis of race." He described diversity and equity policies in education as "explicit unlawful discrimination" and said colleges that use them will pay fines and have their endowments taxed.

Trump also pledged to exclude transgender students from Title IX protections, which affect school policies on students' use of pronouns, bathrooms and locker rooms. Biden's administration said the law forbids discrimination based on gender identity and sexual orientation, but Trump can undo that.

College accreditation

The department does not directly accredit colleges and universities but oversees the system by reviewing all federally recognized accrediting agencies. Institutions of higher education must be accredited to gain access to federal money for student financial aid.

Accreditation came under conservatives' scrutiny in 2022, when the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools questioned political interference at Florida public colleges and universities.

Trump said he would fire "radical left accreditors" and take applications for new accreditors that would uphold standards including "defending the American tradition" and removing "Marxist" diversity administrators.

Money for schools

Much of the department's money for K-12 schools goes through large federal programs, such as Title I for low-income schools and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Those support services for students with disabilities, lower class sizes with additional teaching positions, and pay for social workers and other nonteaching roles in schools.

Trump called for shifting those functions to the states.

The Heritage Foundation's Project 2025, a sweeping proposal outlining a far-right vision for the country that overlaps in areas with Trump's campaign, suggests sending oversight of programs for kids with disabilities and low-income children first to the Department of Health and Human Services before eventually converting it to no-strings-attached grants to states.


Become a #ThisIsTucson member! Your contribution helps our team bring you stories that keep you connected to the community. Become a member today.