The Occupational Safety and Health Administration was created in the early 1970s.

NEW YORK — Government staffing cuts gutted a small U.S. health agency that aims to protect workers — drawing rebukes from firefighters, coal miners, medical equipment manufacturers and a range of others.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, a Cincinnati-based agency that is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, is losing about 850 of its approximately 1,000 employees, according to estimates from a union and affected employees. Among those ousted were its director, Dr. John Howard, who had been in the job through three prior presidential administrations.

The layoffs are stalling — and perhaps ending — many programs, including a firefighter cancer registry and a lab that is key to certifying respirators for many industries.

The cuts are "a very pointed attack on workers in this country," said Micah Niemeier-Walsh, vice president of the union local representing NIOSH employees in Cincinnati.

Unions that represent miners, nurses, flight attendants and other workers criticized the cuts, saying it will slow the identification and prevention of workplace dangers. Rallies in Cincinnati and other cities drew not only fired CDC employees but also members of unions representing teachers, postal workers and bricklayers, Niemeier-Walsh said.

NIOSH doctors review and certify that 9/11 first responders who developed chronic illnesses could qualify for care under the federal government's World Trade Center Health Program, noted Andrew Ansbro, president of a union that represents New York City firefighters.

"Dismantling NIOSH dishonors the memory of our fallen brothers and sisters and abandons those still battling 9/11-related illnesses," Ansbro said.

Firefighters work Sept. 11, 2001, at the site of the World Trade Center in New York after a terrorist attack on the towers.

Agency investigates workplace hazards

NIOSH was created under a 1970 law signed by President Richard Nixon. It started operations the next year and grew to have offices and labs in eight cities, including Cincinnati; Pittsburgh; Spokane, Washington; and Morgantown, West Virginia.

In the more than 50 years since, it did pioneering research on indoor air quality in office buildings, workplace violence and occupational exposures to bloodborne infections.

NIOSH investigators identified a new lung disease in workers at factories that made microwave popcorn, and helped assess what went wrong during the Deepwater Horizon oil rig disaster. It recently was involved in the CDC's response to measles.

Some of its best-known work is related to mining. It trains and certifies doctors in how to test for black lung disease, and the agency conducts its own mobile screenings of miners. For years, NIOSH owned an experimental mine in Pennsylvania and two years ago announced it was developing a replacement research facility near Mace, West Virginia, that would feature tunnels and other mine structures.

Its research and recommendations served as the foundation for Department of Labor rules for worker protection, including one issued last year for coal miners that cuts by half the permissible exposures to poisonous silica dust.

Studies concluded NIOSH research helps save millions of dollars each year in avoided workers' compensation and other costs.

"Any stoppage to this type of research and recommendations can impact all segments of the workforce," said Tessa Bonney, who teaches about occupational health at the University of Illinois at Chicago.

Coal miners return on a buggy Oct. 15, 2014, after working a shift underground at the Perkins Branch Coal Mine in Cumberland, Ky.

Impact of staff cuts are unclear

NIOSH was swept up in the massive upheaval at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that includes about 10,000 layoffs, an anticipated reorganization and proposed budget cuts.

Nonunionized NIOSH workers — mainly supervisors — were told to clean out their desks immediately. Bargaining unit employees got layoff notices, and were told their terminations would happen later this year.

"Right now we are trying to figure out chain of command," Niemeier-Walsh said.

An HHS spokesman, Andrew Nixon, said what's left of NIOSH will be moved into a newly created agency to be called the Administration for a Healthy America.

HHS Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. said 20% of the people laid off from federal health agencies might be reinstated as the agency tries to correct mistakes, but the department has not detailed which parts of NIOSH were reduced or eliminated, and which will remain open.

Republican U.S. Rep. Andrew Garbarino of New York said in a news release Saturday that Howard was reinstated as administrator of the World Trade Center Health Program after legislators urged the White House to reverse the decision. There was no mention of Howard regaining his job as NIOSH director, and HHS officials did not respond to questions Saturday.

What's known about the cuts made so far to NIOSH was pieced together by employees affected by the layoffs and the union that represents them. They say almost every NIOSH program faced steep cuts or outright elimination.

A firefighter cancer registry website went down Tuesday "because there were no IT people left to staff the system," Niemeier-Walsh said.

At least some of the hundreds of mice and rats at a NIOSH lab in Morgantown likely will have to be destroyed because the layoffs put an abrupt, mid-experiment end to inhalation research there, said Cathy Tinney-Zara, a public health analyst who is president of the union local representing employees there.

"Million of dollars of research, decades of research, is going down the drain," Tinney-Zara said.

Industry concerned about certification lab

Some of the outcry from unions and industry centered on the National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, a NIOSH office that tests and certifies fitted masks that protect workers from inhaling airborne dangers. The N95 masks that became popular during the COVID-19 outbreak are named for a NIOSH standard.

Closing the lab gives a competitive advantage to companies in China and other countries that send products to the U.S. without meeting the stringent quality standards that come with certification, said Eric Axel, executive director of the American Medical Manufacturers Association.

"This decision effectively rewards foreign manufacturers who have not made the same investments in quality and safety while punishing American companies that have built their reputations on producing reliable, high-quality protective equipment," Axel said in a statement.

It appears NIOSH programs for coal miners are being eliminated, raising questions about who will monitor for new cases and spot trends, said Rebecca Shelton, director of policy for the Appalachian Citizens' Law Center, a Kentucky-based organization that provides legal help to ill coal miners.

The cuts are "really devastating," she said.

"Here in central Appalachia, everybody knows somebody with black lung disease," she said.

NIOSH staff routinely visited mines and rural communities to offer free screenings and speak at public meetings about black lung disease and other workplace health issues.

"These are not out-of-touch federal workers. They are very well connected" with their communities, she said.

Many NIOSH workers come from families that worked in occupational health for generations. Niemeier-Walsh's grandfather was an agency toxicologist for 30 years.

"It was normal dinnertime conversation in our family to talk about how you can use the power of science to protect workers," she said.

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