The cold formality of the letter is seared in Debra Long’s memory. It began “Dear Claimant” and said her 24-year-old son, Randy, who was fatally shot in April 2006, was not an “innocent” victim. Without further explanation, the New York state agency that assists violent-crime victims and their families refused to help pay for Randy’s funeral. Randy was a father, engaged to be married and studying to become a juvenile probation officer when his life was cut short during a visit to Brooklyn with friends. His mother, angry and bewildered by the letter, wondered: What did authorities see — or fail to see — in Randy? Debra Long had bumped up against a well-intentioned corner of the criminal justice system that is often perceived as unfair.