Someone who solicits sex with a minor in Arizona could face up to 27 years in prison. Or 90 days.
It’s what advocates call the “age loophole,” and they say changing it is a priority.
“A minor is a minor, and if someone is going to buy sex with a child, they should be punished accordingly, not only a few months in jail,” said Taryn Offenbacher, a spokeswoman for Shared Hope International.
At a recent Washington, D.C., rally, she joined hundreds of others who are fighting sex trafficking.
An Arizona native whose research focuses on the state, Offenbacher said the issue is “incredibly relevant and timely” now, with the recent recommendations by the Governor’s Task Force on Human Trafficking.
And there’s urgency, advocates say, to make changes before Glendale hosts the 2015 Super Bowl, because the task force said sporting events like that are “significant drivers in the commercial sex industry.”
Few experts, including those on the task force, can put a number to the problem of sex trafficking because it is an underground activity and victims rarely come forward. When they are caught, trafficking victims are often treated like criminals, the task force said.
It noted that while some estimates say there may be as many as 27 million human-trafficking victims worldwide, only 40,000 victims were identified in 2012.
Norma Salas, public-awareness manager of StreetLightUSA, estimated that 300,000 children are currently at risk of being sexually exploited in the country.
One factor that makes it hard to count victims is the fact that many are unidentified or misidentified, Offenbacher said.
“Victims are often identified as runaway youth, juvenile delinquents, and they are not identified for the trafficking crimes that occurred against them,” Offenbacher said. They end up in homeless-youth shelters and juvenile-detention centers for crimes like theft or drunkenness, which she said are really “only symptoms of their trafficking experience.”
While those children and adolescents are victims, they can still be arrested for prostitution, jailed and charged in most states.
The task force report listed 27 recommendations, including better police training, erasing low-level crimes from a trafficking victim’s record and increasing penalties against traffickers and their customers — “pimps” and “johns.”
It also recommended doing away with the current distinction in state law between sex trafficking “victims who are under 15 and those who are 15, 16 and 17 years old” – the age loophole.
Under state law, a john who solicits sex with someone who is 14 or younger faces 13 to 27 years behind bars. If the john knew the child was 15, 16 or 17 years old, the sentence ranges from seven to 21 years — but only if prosecutors can prove the john was aware of the prostitute’s age.
Without proof of that knowledge, the minimum sentence falls to 180 days for soliciting a prostitute who is 15 or older, according to Jerry Cobb, spokesman for the Maricopa County Attorney’s Office. A judge could further reduce the sentence to 90 days if it was a first-time offense and the john agreed to court-ordered education or treatment.
Salas said one problem with the age loophole is that the average age of trafficking victims that StreetLight USA sees is 15.9 years. “A lot of our victims would not fall into that protected status,” said Salas. Her Peoria, Ariz.-based organization describes itself as the largest facility for child sex-trafficking victims in the country.
The age gap is “the most blatantly egregious problem” in the law, said Dominique Roe-Sepowitz, director of Arizona State University’s Office of Sex Trafficking Intervention Research. The gap is not only hard for people to understand, but it does not make Arizona safe for young trafficking victims.
Offenbacher said she looks forward to seeing more detail on issues raised in the report, like increased penalties for johns.
“It says ‘enhance penalties for buyers,’ which is something we all know needs to happen, but what exactly do we need to enhance?” she asked.
She said there is work to be done.
“The next step now is to look at the legislation, and bring that up to match the effort that NGO (nongovernmental organization) groups, law enforcement and other key stakeholders in Arizona have been exerting to combat the issue.”
