WASHINGTON — Most U.S. adults think personal choices are a major driver of poverty and homelessness, according to a new poll, while fewer blame a lack of government support.
However, just over half also think the government spends too little on those in need, the new poll from the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy and The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research shows.
The poll comes as homelessness is on the rise and as officials across the country, including Republican President Donald Trump in the nation's capital, push to clear encampments where unhoused people live. At the same time, the GOP tax and spending cut law Trump signed in July is expected to reduce benefits for low-income people.
The AP-NORC poll of 1,121 U.S. adults was conducted Aug. 21-25, using a sample drawn from NORC's probability-based AmeriSpeak Panel, which is designed to be representative of the U.S. population. The margin of sampling error for adults overall is plus or minus 4.0 percentage points.
"It seems like people are a little conflicted," said Bruce Meyer, a professor at the University of Chicago Harris School who helped craft and analyze the poll. "I think people probably realize, in part at least, the complexity of what leads people to get in trouble in terms of their economic circumstances. And I think a lot of people are generous at heart and will help people out and think the government should as well, even when individuals aren't blameless."
Most see homelessness and poverty as a rising problem
Most U.S. adults — 68% — say poverty increased in the United States as a whole over the past 25 years, while 19% say it's stayed the same and about 12% say it decreased.
People living in urban areas, such as Baltimore resident Dwayne Byrd, 60, are more likely to say poverty increased in their community, compared with people in suburban or rural areas.
"It's dilapidated buildings, dirty streets, businesses closing up left and right," Byrd said of the poverty in his city. "You got to choose between keeping the lights on and putting something in your belly. … People with jobs don't have enough money."
Yet the rate of people living under the poverty line actually decreased "by almost every measure" over the past 25 years, according to Meyer.
The discrepancy between the data and Americans' perceptions may stem from the fact that unsheltered homelessness increased. "It is the most visible form of poverty," Meyer said.
About 8 in 10 Americans say homelessness increased in the U.S. over the last 25 years, and roughly 7 in 10 say it's increased in their state. Slightly more than half — 55% — say it's increased in their community.
According to federal officials, homelessness increased 18% last year, driven largely by a lack of affordable housing as well as devastating natural disasters and a surge of migrants.
That rise came on top of a 12% increase in 2023, which federal housing officials blamed on soaring rents and the end of COVID-19 pandemic assistance.
"I've never seen as many homeless camps," said Pittsburgh resident Ashlyn White, 38, a Democrat. "After COVID is when they really start popping up."
More support than opposition for removing homeless encampments
More Americans favor than oppose removing homeless encampments in U.S. cities, the poll found. About 43% U.S. adults favor their removal, while about 25% oppose it. Roughly 3 in 10 Americans don't have an opinion on the issue.
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled last year that cities can enforce bans on people sleeping outside in public places.
Most Republicans, 64%, favor removing homeless encampments, while independents and Democrats are divided, with a substantial share saying they don't have an opinion.
"There does need to be some sort of rules," said Ami Tate, 43, a resident of Hesperia, California, who leans conservative. She added, "the government also needs to help out."
White said she opposed removing encampments. "Where are these people supposed to go?" she said, noting shelters are often full.
In Fort Collins, Colorado, Rob Haas, 61, who describes himself as a moderate who leans Democrat, strongly favors encampment removals. "I just think it's bad for the homeless to be in that type of environment, and I think it's bad for us to tolerate that."
Divisions over root causes
About 6 in 10 Americans say personal choices are a "major factor" in why people remain in poverty, while just under half say unfair systems are a major factor and about 4 in 10 blame lack of government support.
Most Republicans, 77%, say personal choices are a "major factor" in why people remain in poverty, compared with 56% of independents and 49% of Democrats.
Adam Kutzer, 22, in Cranford, New Jersey, said not paying off credit card debt or spending too much money were examples of "poor financial choices that can clearly be avoided."
Democrats, meanwhile, are much likelier than Republicans or independents to say lack of government support is a "major factor."
When it comes to homelessness, most Americans are likely to see substance abuse and mental health issues as key drivers, with about three-quarters citing them as a "major factor." Still, about 6 in 10 adults say personal choices are responsible, with a similar share blaming a lack of affordable housing.
Just under half of U.S. adults — 45% — believe a lack of government support is a major factor in why people are homeless.
Who's responsible for addressing the issues?
A majority of Americans — 54% — believe that the government is spending "too little" on assistance for those in need. That includes Tate, the Hesperia resident, who said more money should go toward school programs and helping children in low-income communities.
Americans are also more likely to think federal and state governments have a major role to play in tackling homelessness and poverty, compared with charities or very wealthy individuals.
About 4 in 10 U.S. adults say federal and state government have "a great deal" of responsibility for addressing poverty and homelessness, compared with about one-quarter who say this about charities or very wealthy people.
In Tate's view, state and local governments "should be figuring out an action plan of how to … get people off the streets."
