The Supreme Court is deciding a case on whether, and how, universities may consider an applicant's race when making admissions decisions.Β (AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana, File)
In the case brought by Students For Fair Admissions, conservative Supreme Court justices seem to lean against affirmative action. Veuerβs Elizabeth Keatinge has more.
Scholars writing for The Conversation U.S. have taken a closer look at affirmative action and how it has been seen and used in the realm of higher education.
1. Even some supporters donβt know how it works
When OiYan Poon, aΒ race and education scholar at Colorado State University, traveled across the nation to ask Asian Americans what they knew about affirmative action, they found that even people who were part of organizations that publicly supported or opposed it didnβt quite understand how affirmative action works.
For instance, β30 out of 36 presented outdated mythsβ about affirmative action, she wrote. βThese 30 included 13 affirmative action supporters and 17 opponents,β who talked about ideas such as ββracial quotas,β which were declared unconstitutional in [1978]. They also thought it involved βracial bonus pointsβ for Black and Latino applicants,β Poon found.
In fact, Poon wrote, βrace-conscious admissions is now practiced through holistic review of individual applicants. Such individualized review is meant to recognize, in a limited way, how race and racism might have shaped each applicantβs perspectives and educational opportunities.β
Some researchers say graduation is less likely for Black, Hispanic and Native American students when affirmative action is outlawed. Andy Sacks via Getty Images
Itβs possible to predict what could happen if the Supreme Court rules against affirmative action. As Natasha Warikoo, a Tufts University professor who studies racial equity in education, pointed out: βSince nine states already have bans on affirmative action, itβs easy to know what will happen if affirmative action is outlawed. Studies of college enrollment in those states show that enrollment of Black, Hispanic and Native American undergraduate students will decline in the long term.β
βUndergraduate enrollment is not the only area of higher education that will be affected. A ban on affirmative action will ultimately lead to fewer graduate degrees earned by Black, Hispanic and Native American students,β she wrote.
Vinay Harpalani, a scholar of discrimination at the University of New Mexico, delivered some numbers: After California banned affirmative action at its state universities, β[t]he enrollment of Black, Latino and Native American students dropped dramatically in the University of California system. For example, at UCLA, the percentage of underrepresented minorities dropped from 28% to 14% between 1995 and 1998. There was a similar drop at UC Berkeley.β
In more recent years, he reported, βThe enrollment numbers have recovered, largely due to increased Latino enrollment. Currently at UCLA, 22% of the undergraduate student body is Latino and 3% is Black. But it is also important to note that the number of Latino high school graduates has more than tripled since 1997.β
A wounded soldier is carried by members of the 1st Cavalry Division near the Cambodian border during the Vietnam War. Bettmann/GettyImages
In an article explaining the point of view of 35 military officers who have asked the Supreme Court to continue to allow affirmative action, Travis Knoll, a historian at the University of North Carolina - Charlotte, looked to the nationβs β and the militaryβs β racial experience during the Vietnam War.
β[I]n 1962, when U.S. involvement was starting to grow in Vietnam, Black commissioned officers represented only 1.6% of the officers corps,β he wrote. βMilitary academies remained virtually segregated, with Black people making up less than 1% of enrollees. As a result, the number of Black officers didnβt grow much.β
That led to unrest in the ranks: βOver the next five years, the number of Black soldiers fighting and dying on the front lines grew to about 25%. Racial tensions between white and Black soldiers led to at least 300 fights in a two-year-period that resulted in 71 deaths,β Knoll wrote. βFueling those fights was the belief among Black soldiers that the largely white officers didnβt care about their lives.β
That experience, Knoll explained, drove home to the military the idea that diversity in leadership was extremely important. βIt also began the militaryβs use of affirmative action, including race-conscious admissions policies at service academies and in ROTC programs.β